How semiconductor works?

 · What is a semiconductor?

A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a conductor, such as metallic copper, and an insulator, such as glass. Its resistivity falls as its temperature rises; metals are the opposite. Its conducting properties may be altered in useful ways by introducing impurities ("doping") into the crystal structure. When two differently-doped regions exist in the same crystal, a semiconductor junction is created. Some examples of semiconductors are silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, and elements near the so-called "metalloid staircase" on the periodic table. After silicon, gallium arsenide is the second most common semiconductor and is used in laser diodes, solar cells, microwave-frequency integrated circuits, and others. Silicon is a critical element for fabricating most electronic circuits.



· Types of semiconductor:

Intrinsic semiconductors are composed of only one kind of material; silicon and germanium are two examples. These are also called “undoped semiconductors” or “i-type semiconductors. “

Extrinsic semiconductors, on the other hand, are intrinsic semiconductors with other substances added to alter their properties — that is to say, they have been doped with another element.



· Working of semiconductor:

In a typical conductor, like copper, electrons carry the current and act as the charge carrier. In semiconductors, both electrons and holes — the absence of an electron — act as charge carriers. By controlling the doping of the semiconductor, the conductivity and the charge carrier are tailored to be either electron or hole based. There are two types of doping, N-type, and P-type. N-type dopants, typically phosphorus or arsenic, have five electrons, which when added to a semiconductor provides an extra free electron. Since electrons have a negative charge, a material doped this way is called N-type. P-type dopants, such as boron and gallium, only have three electrons which result in the absence of an electron in the semiconductor crystal, effectively creating a hole or a positive charge, hence the name P-type. Both N-type and P-type dopants, even in minute quantities, will make a semiconductor a decent conductor. However, N-type and P-type semiconductors are not very special by themselves, being just decent conductors. However, when you place them in contact with each other, forming a P-N junction, you get some very different and very useful behaviors. A P-N junction, unlike each material separately, does not act as a conductor. Rather than allowing current to flow in either direction, a P-N junction only allows current to flow in one direction, creating a basic diode. Applying a voltage across a P-N junction in the forward direction (forward bias) helps the electrons in the N-type region combine with the holes in the P-type region. Attempting to reverse the flow of current (reverse bias) through the diode forces the electrons and holes apart which prevent current from flowing across the junction. Combining P-N junctions in other ways opens the doors to other semiconductor components, such as the transistor. 



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